The Bitterroot Conglomerate
Newsletter of the Bitterroot Gem & Mineral Society
Vol. XXVIII issue 1
Presidents Column
A HAPPY NEW YEAR to all. This will be a challenging year for me as your new President and I hope I can live up to the confidence you have placed in me. I have several ideas I’d like to try-out this year that I think would be a benefit to the Club and hope you will agree with the new ideas. If you don’t please let me know after you have given them a chance to work. It is a difficult job finding members for the various Committees because each one of you has your own good reason for not serving. Your editor has requested that I inform each Committee Chairman that a brief report should be given each month to be included in the newsletter.
See you at the meeting, Jo Farley
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Editors Notes
If there is an 08 after your name on the label there is a good chance that you are no longer a member of the BGMS. If you don’t plan on coming to the next meeting to pay your dues then mail your dues to Wayne Farley, 274 Cartwright Way, Hamilton, MT 59840. Make the check out to BGMS or Bitterroot Gem & Mineral Society.
I will need reports from the Chairmen of the various Committees during the 1st week of each month to be included in the newsletter.
I would again like to remind you of the effort that is being put forth by the AMFS (American Federation) to get all Club members to write a note requesting and encouraging the US Postal Service to issue a series of birthstone stamps. Mail your request to The Citizens’ Stamp Advisory Committee, Stamp Development, US Postal Service, 1735 North Lynn St., Room 5013, Arlington, VA 22209-6432. If you need more info, go to http://www.amfed.org/stamps.htm
The Editor is not responsible for the accuracy of articles accepted, items for sale, nor are the opinions expressed therein necessarily those of the Club Officers, members and/or the Club Editor.
. -- Ralph
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Member Reports
Wayne has been appointed to the BLM’s Western MT Resource Advisory Council for the next 2 ½ years. He should now be in a position to keep us in the loop concerning the BLM activities in this area.
The Secretary of the Interior
Washington
Dec. 8, 2008
Mr. Wayne George Farley
274 Cartwright Way
Hamilton, Montana 59840
Dear Mr. Farley
It is my pleasure to appoint you to the Bureau of Land Management’s Western Montana Resource Advisory Council as a representative of dispersed recreational organizations for the term ending September 20, 2011.
The Council provides advice to the BLM’s Montana State Director regarding the management of public land resources within the Council’s jurisdiction as specified in its charter. The Council is solely advisory in nature. A copy of the Council’s charter is enclosed for your information.
The Council will generally meet two to four times per year, but in no case will it meet less than once each year. As a member of the Council, you will serve without compensation, but you will be reimbursed for travel and per diem expenses at current government rates when you are on Council business. Mr. Gene R. Terland, the BLM Montana State Director, or his representative, will contact you shortly regarding the Council’s future meetings and other activities. Mr. Terland can be reached at (406) 896-5012
I would like to express my deep appreciation for your willingness to commit time and expertise to the Council. I look forward to your active participation.
Sincerely,
Dirk Kempthorne
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Mining Committee Report
I haven’t seen the paperwork from the BLM on our Claim bonding requirement but it may be in the Club mail box by now.
N. W. Federation Report Nothing to report this month.
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BGMS Minutes 11/25/2008
By Secretary, Wayne G. Farley
The BGMS meeting started at 7:00 pm, chaired by BGMS president, Steve Vieth. There were 30 members present, plus one guest (Endy, Jo Farley’s great grandson). The meeting began with a pledge of allegiance to the Flag-of- America. Jo Farley, our program chair-person, then introduced BGMS member Toni Seibert, who was giving the club a workshop on wire-wrapping. The workshop went well and everyone had a good time.
After the workshop, the club took a short break for snacks and drinks (coffee and juice).
After the break there was a short business meeting. Jo Farley reminded everyone about the Christmas Party by the Missoula club on Sat., Dec 6th; and the BGMS Christmas party on Sat., Dec. 13th. The Missoula party setup is at 11:00 am, and eating at 12:00 noon; at the Christian Life Center at 3801 Russell. The Missoula club will have an auction after their party. The BGMS party setup is at 12:00 noon, and eating at 1:00 pm; at the Corvallis Community Church CE Building at 2nd and Church Streets. There will be an auction after the party. Jo said that the BGMS club will furnish the ham and turkey for our party, and asked for volunteers to buy and cook those items. Members volunteered. Jo has their names. Other members volunteered to bring in mashed potatoes. Others should bring in whatever suits their fancy; salads, desserts, etc.
At the meeting Ralph Luther passed around a 3.3 pound Doréore sample, that he said came from early Spanish gold/silver mining in the Caribbean. He was not allowed to tell us how it was obtained or exactly where it came from. He said it had a large percentage of gold. Silver blobs could also be seen in the sample.
(it was assayed an is 40% gold & 60% silver) When I got home, I looked up doré on the net. Here is what I found.
Doré derives from the French or Spanish. In each language, the verb “doré” means to gild or make golden. In mining terminology, most major gold mines process their gold-bearing ore at the site of the mine, producing low purity (gold/silver/ impurities) Dorébars. These rough bars are then sent to gold refineries for upgrading into tradeable bars of high purity (99.5% or more). Dorébars are produced in various sizes, some weighing as much as 25 kg.
BGMS Notes for Potluck 12-13-2008
By Dianne Ayres, Secretary
The 2008 Christmas Party was held on Saturday, December 13, 2008.
A scrumptious Pot Luck was enjoyed by All with LOTS of Food. Following dinner, the new Officers were sworn-in by Margaret Sharp. They will be: President-Jo Farley (961-3347); Vice President-Marianne Scanlon (961-3335); Secretary-Dianne Ayres (363-5073); Treasurer and Montana State Delegate-Wayne Farley (375-1341).
The day ended with our Fun Auction and Don Tibbs who was assisted by Harvey Sharp. There were Rocks, jewelry, jams, candy and a very large variety of other "goodies".
This is the continuation of Metamorphic Rocks
By Wayne Farley
(From the November Newsletter)
Non-foliated |
Mineral Content |
Characteristics |
Rock |
Chiefly quartz, some others |
Hard, breaks across mineral grains |
Quartzite |
Chiefly calcite or dolomite |
Granular, reacts with 10 percent HCl |
Marble |
Good rockhound books on metamorphic rocks are the Smithsonian book (Ref. 1), and the Macmillian Field Guide book (Ref. 2). A good web-site is http://www.geo.ua.edu/intro03/Meta.htm. A modern professional classification of metamorphic rocks can be found in a 2007 book by Douglas Fettes and Jacqueline Desmons (Ref. 3). The book description is as follows:
“Many common terms in metamorphic petrology vary in their usage and meaning between countries. The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (SCMR) has aimed to resolve this, and to present systematic terminology and rock definitions that can be used worldwide. This book is the result of discussion and consultation lasting 20 years and involving hundreds of geoscientists worldwide. It presents a complete nomenclature of metamorphic rocks, with a comprehensive glossary of definitions, sources and etymology of over 1200 terms, and a list of mineral abbreviations. Twelve multi-authored sections explain how to derive the correct names for metamorphic rocks and processes, and discuss the rationale behind the more important terms. These sections deal with rocks from high- to low- and very-low-grade. This book will form a key reference and international standard for all geoscientists studying metamorphic rocks.”
Metamorphism produces many valuable mineral and rock resources:
A. Quarried Rocks include:
1. Marble which is used for statuary and ornamental building stone.
2. Slate which is used for roofing, flooring, billiard/pool tables, and blackboards.
B. Economic Important metamorphic minerals include:
1. Talc which is ground into powder.
2. Graphite used in pencils and lubricants.
3. Garnet and Corundum used as gemstones and abrasives.
4. Asbestos formerly used as a heat insulator.
5. Kyanite, Andatusite, Sillimanite used a raw material in the ceramics industry.
C. Ore Deposits - result from contact metamorphism where hydrothermal solutions precipitate ore minerals in surrounding rocks:
1. Sulfide deposits (bornite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite), Coer de Lane district, ID
2. Iron deposits (hematite).e.g., metamorphic iron formations, Champion Iron Mine, MI
3. Tungsten deposits (scheelite); e.g., Calvert Hill Mine, MT.
4. Precious metal deposits (gold); e.g., Homestake Metamorphic Formation, Lead, SD.
References:
1. Smithsonian Book “Rock and Gem”, Ronald Louis Bonewitz, 2005
2. Macmillan Field Guides, “Rocks & Minerals”, Pat Bell/David Wright, 1985
3. Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the
International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of
Metamorphic Rocks, Douglas Fettes and Jacqueline Desmons, 2007
Sedimentary Rocks – Identification and Classification
By Wayne G. Farley
What are sedimentary rocks?
1. Clastic:
Consolidated-cemented sediments originally derived from the disintegration of older rocks.
The sediments are usually silt, sand, gravel, boulders, etc.; or mixtures of these items.
The cementing agents are: calcite, silica, gypsum, or iron oxides.
Common types: Claystone, Siltstone, Shale, Sandstone, Breccia, and Conglomerate.
Uncommon types: Arkose, Greywacke, Loess, Adobe, and Bauxite.
2. Evaporites:
Chemical mineral precipitates originally derived from the dissolution of older rocks.
Common types: Dolomite, Gypsum (Anhydrite), Rock-Salt, & Travertine (cave/spring deposits).
Uncommon types: Potash, Caliche, Saltpeter (Sodium-Nitrates), and Concretions.
3. Biochemical:
Rocks formed from organic processes that involve living organisms.
These living organisms can be snails/clams whose discarded calcium carbonate shells can form
limestone; or micro-plankton, whose silica shells can form chert. But it also includes swamp
plants whose organic debris can produce coal or jet if conditions are right.
Common types: Banded Iron Formation (BIF), Limestone, Phosphorite, and Chert.
Uncommon types: Micrite, Oolite, Coquina, Biostromes (Reef-Rocks), Diatomite, & Guano-Rock.
Extent of Sediments: Sedimentary rocks make up about three-quarters of the rocks at the Earth’s surface; however, only 5% of the Earth’s crust consists of sedimentary rocks. The Earth’s crust thickness has been determined by geophysical surveys; e.g., seismic, gravity, and magnetic; and is thickest under the continents (about 32 km), and thinnest under the oceans (about 8 km).
The bottom of the crust is known as the Mohorovicic-Discontinuity (“Moho”), which is the depth at which the seismic velocity suddenly increases. The acceleration of velocity is believed to be caused by a higher density material being present below the “Moho”; and was first discovered in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovicic (a Yugoslavian geophysicist) using reflected seismic waves from earthquakes. This change in density also enables gravity computer modeling of the thickness of the earth’s crust.
Slightly below the “Moho” is the magnetic Curie-Discontinuity. The Curie temperature or Curie point (TC) is the critical temperature above which the magnetic material in rocks becomes paramagnetic (the rocks lose their remnant magnetism). For iron the Curie point is 760 °C and for nickel 356 °C. It is named after French physicist Pierre Curie (1859-1906). This phenomenon enables geophysicist to measure the depth of the Curie-Discontinuity by computer modeling.
Glacier Park: Sedimentary rocks are found in high mountain ranges as well as sedimentary basis, due to plate tectonics. One Montana area where this occurs is in the mountains of Glacier National Park, where tectonics have push up Precambrian sediments to elevations of several thousand feet. The sediments in Glacier have been little deformed or metamorphosed. Some of the best Stromatolite fossils in the world are exposed in Glacier.
Himalayans: Even higher sedimentary rocks can be found in the Himalaya Range. Forty million years ago, as plate tectonics forced the Indian plate to dive under the Asia plate, lightweight sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the Tethys Sea crumples into folds of all shapes and sizes to form the Himalayans Mountain Range. Today, the very tops of many Himalayan peaks consist of sedimentary rocks from the ancient Tethys Sea.
Age of Sediments: The age of sediments are determined by superposition of the layers, and by radioactive age dating. Some of the Earth's oldest sedimentary rocks are banded iron formation found in Greenland, which are about 3.9 billion years old. Unusual chemical traces in these rocks suggest that life may have existed when they formed. Also sediments that formed by precipitation from seawater have a very distinct signature of iron isotopes. When scientists analyzed the iron composition of the rocks, they found they had the typical signature of rocks formed by precipitation in a marine setting.
Value of Sediments: Sedimentary rocks are very important; since they contain all of the world’s coal deposits, most of the world’s natural-gas and petroleum (oil) deposits, and many economical mineral deposits; they provide building and roadbed materials; and they contain the historical record of ancient environments and life on Earth.
Oil and Natural-Gas in Sedimentary Basins: There are about 600 major sedimentary basins around the world. Only about 200 of the world’s basins have been adequately explored for gas & oil. The Caspian Basin of central Eurasia is 26-28 km in thickness, making this the deepest sedimentary basin in the world. This basin contains abundant oil, and perhaps half of the world’s gas reserves.
In our area, the 300,000 square miles Williston Basin, which stretches across North Dakota, Montana, and Saskatchewan, contains up to 500 billion barrels of oil. Currently about 200,000 million barrels of oil are being produced in Montana and North Dakota from the late Devonian to early Mississippian ‘Bakken’ formation.
The world’s proven oil reserves are estimated to be from 1143 to 1332 billion barrels. Some Geologists believe that the Gulf of Mexico may hold half of the world’s oil reserves. Some wells in the Gulf are now pumping oil from five miles down. Some oil wells on land are even deeper. Oil rigs have been developed that can drill as deep as 40,000 feet.
Other sources of oil are the tar sands of Canada, and the oil shale in the Wyoming-Colorado-Utah area. The oil shale potential is enormous, totaling at least 1500 billion barrels of oil. Some significant oil and natural gas deposits are discussed below:
1. Williston Basis Sediments: The 11000 foot deep Williston Basin is located In Montana, North Dakota, and Saskatchewan. The U.S. portion of the Williston Basin contains more than 30,000 wells drilled since the early 1900’s that produce from more than 20 intervals. Recently, the 350-417 year old Bakken Formation, one of more than 20 oil &gas producing formations in the Williston Basin, has been the best producer. The Bakken consists of three members: lower shale, middle dolomite (Calcium Magnesium Carbonate), and upper shale. The shales were deposited in relatively deep marine conditions, and the dolomite was deposited as a coastal carbonate bank during a time of shallower water. The middle dolomite member is the principal oil reservoir, and is roughly two miles below the surface. Both the upper and lower shale members are organic-rich marine shale’s, and are believed to have been the source rock for the oil in the dolomite. The Elm Coulee oil field in northeast Montana produces more than 50,000 barrels of oil per day from the Bakken.
2. Brazil Offshore Sediments: Nine new petroleum fields have been discovered in the last year 185 miles offshore of Brazil that are estimated to hold 50 billion to 80 billion barrels of light crude — more than four times Brazil's current proven reserves. With the find, Brazil could supply all of its own needs for nearly a century or become one of the world's top oil exporters. The deep-water reservoirs lie more than a mile below the ocean's surface and under another 2.5 miles of earth and sedimentary salt-beds.
3. Destin Dome: The Destin Dome, discovered in 1987, lies 25 miles south of Pensacola, Florida. Structural and stratigraphic relationships indicated by seismic reflection data suggest that uplift of the Destin Dome anticline resulted mainly from salt movement during Late Cretaceous to Early Cenozoic time. The dome contains more than three trillion cubic feet of much needed dry natural gas, and is probably the largest natural gas field in the Gulf of Mexico. That is enough to supply the domestic natural gas needs to heat every home in Florida for 16 to 20 years. The US Congress and the state of Florida have blocked the development of this resource for political purposes.
4. ANWR: A 1998 report by the US Geological Survey (USGS) estimated that there was between 5.7 billion barrels (910,000,000 m3) and 16.0 billion barrels (2.54×109 m3) of technically recoverable oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ANWR) in Alaska. The US Congress has blocked the development of this resource for political purposes. The State of Alaska would like to develop this resource, as it is only 75 miles from Prudhoe Bay, and could probably be developed in 2 or 3 years. The Mackenzie delta located in the easternmost Arctic, just east of ANWR, is estimated to contain total reserves of 6.0 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 250 million billion barrels of oil.
Coal in Sediments: Total world proven reserves of coal in sediments are greater than one trillion tons, and estimated reserves exceed 24 trillion tons. The US has an estimated 254 billion tons of recoverable coal, while China has an estimated 115 billion tons. China is both the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal. Coal is the most abundant and cheapest fossil fuels resource, and could provide 200-300 years of supply at present usage. The relative cost in cents per kW-hour to generate electrical power from various energy resources is as follows: Coal = 4, Natural Gas = 5, Oil = 6, Nuclear =5, Hydro = 2, Geothermal = 6, Biomass = 6, Wind = 7, and Solar = 50 (Energy Victory by Robert Zubrin, 2007).
Wyoming Coal: Wyoming is presently the largest coal-producing state in the US. The state of Alaska possesses about half of the coal reserves of the US, and 1/8th of the world’s coal. The North Slope is estimated to have coal deposits between 2 and 5 trillion tons, which includes speculative unproven resources such as off Alaska’s Arctic Ocean coast. The only coal mine currently operating year-round in Alaska is the Usibelli Coal Mine near Healy, with about 85 employees.
Sedimentary Ore Deposits: Sedimentary rocks have provided the mechanical and chemical environment for massive mineral deposits of iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, and uranium. Other mineral deposits associated with sedimentary rocks are phosphate, coal, oil shale, carbonates, cement rocks, clay, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, fuller’s earth, magnesite, and sulphur. Uranium: Because uranium moves in solution under oxidizing conditions and drops out under reducing conditions, it tends to form at reduction fronts at the water line, such as in the sandstone deposits in the Colorado Plateau. Also where oxygen is absent, such as in black shales and other sedimentary rocks rich in organic material, uranium is deposited. The great uranium deposits of northern Saskatchewan, in Canada, are also of sedimentary origin but with a different scenario of much greater age. There an ancient continent was deeply eroded during the Early Proterozoic Era some 2 billion years ago, then was covered by deep layers of sedimentary rock. The unconformity between the eroded basement rocks and overlying sedimentary basin rocks is where chemical activity and fluid flows concentrated uranium into ore bodies reaching 70 percent purity. Zinc-Lead: The world’s greatest concentration of zinc-lead ores occurs in the Mississippi Valley region centering on the Tri-State district of Missouri, Oklahoma, and Kansas. The geology is relatively simple. Nearly flat-lying sediments beds of limestone in the Boone formation, which under lays Pennsylvanian shale, developed karst topography of sinkholes, underground drainage channels, and caves. Later in geological time, this provided conduits and opening for mineral deposition of zinc and lead hydrothermal solutions from depth.
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks: The common types discussed below are shale, sandstone, breccias, and conglomerate. Shale: Shale (also called mudstone) is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clay minerals or muds. They are of interest to the rockhound for the excellent fossils they contain, e.g. 1. The Cambrian Burgess Shale in BC, Canada, s famous for the exceptional preservation of the fossils found within it, in which the soft parts are preserved, 2. The Mazon Creek concretion fossils found near Chicago, Illinois, which are in the Francis Creek Shale. 3. The Bearpaw Shale in northern Montana, which is famous for its well-preserved ammonite fossils. Other fossils found in the Bearpaw formation include many types of shellfish, bony fish, sharks, rays, birds, and marine reptiles like mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and sea turtles. The occasional dinosaur remains have also been discovered, presumably from carcasses washed out to sea, 4. And locally, the excellent leaf and insect fossils found in the Passamari Shale in the Ruby River Basin. Sandstone: There are three main categories of sandstone: 1. Quartz sandstone, where most of the grains are quartz particles, 2. Arkose sandstone, where most of the grains are feldspar particles, and 3. Greywacke sandstone, where most of the grains are dark mineral particles. Sandstone is of less interest to the rockhound as it usually doesn’t contain good fossils. However, as a landscaping and building stone, sandstone is full of character, with warm colors, and can be quite durable. It also weathers to interesting natural sculptures, e.g. 1. The sandstone Picture Rocks on the south shore of Lake Superior near Munising, Michigan, 2. Ayers Rock (Uluru), an Inselberg Monolith in Australia, which is a large mass of Arkose sandstone, 3. The natural Sandstone Arches in Arches National Monument in Utah. Sedimentary Breccias: Breccia is a rock composed of angular fragments of several mineral or rocks in a matrix. The matrix is the cementing material, and may be similar or different in composition to the fragments. The striking visual appearance of breccias has for millennia made them a popular sculptural and architectural material. In the rockhound world, the finer scale breccias make interesting lapidary material for cabochons and sculptures. You will be shown examples of breccias suitable for lapidary work from the following areas: Quartz breccia from near Challis, ID; Jasper breccia from Henderson Gulch, in Montana; and Kona Dolomite breccia from near Marquette, Michigan. Conglomerates: Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Some of the more interesting conglomerates for rockhounds for cabochons are the types called Puddingstones. Puddingstone is made up of a mixture of different, irregular sized grains and pebbles held together by a finer matrix, usually formed from quartz sand. The rock is formed in river channels and may contain various minerals such as chromite, corundum, platinum, gold, sapphire, and zircon. Its name is said to derive from a resemblance to Christmas pudding. Puddingstones are found neat Hertfordshire, England; Bearfort Mountain, New Jersey; Roxbury, Massachusetts, and in Michigan. Hunt for Puddingstones in Michigan on the far Eastern End of the Upper Peninsula and the Northeast part of the Lower Peninsula. In Canada look on St. Josephs Island, and the surrounding areas. Conglomerates: Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Some of the more interesting conglomerates for rockhounds for cabochons are the types called Puddingstones. Puddingstone is made up of a mixture of different, irregular sized grains and pebbles held together by a finer matrix, usually formed from quartz sand. The rock is formed in river channels and may contain various minerals such as chromite, corundum, platinum, gold, sapphire, and zircon. Its name is said to derive from a resemblance to Christmas pudding. Puddingstones are found neat Hertfordshire, England; Bearfort Mountain, New Jersey; Roxbury, Massachusetts, and in Michigan. Hunt for Puddingstones in Michigan on the far Eastern End of the Upper Peninsula and the Northeast part of the Lower Peninsula. In Canada look on St. Josephs Island, and the surrounding areas.
Sedimentary Rocks from Chemical Mineral Presipitants: The predominate minerals that precipitate from sea water to form sedimentary rocks, in the following order, are: 1. Calcite (Calcium carbonate) which forms Limestone Rock. 2. Dolomite (Calcium magnesium carbonate) which forms Dolomite Rock (Dolostone). 3. Gypsum (Hydrated calcium sulfate) which forms Gypsum Rock (Anhydrite). 4. Halite (Sodium chloride) which forms Rock-Salt. 1. Limestone Formations: Limestone is a very common sedimentary rock of biochemical origin. It is composed mostly of the mineral calcite. Most limestones are filled with lots of other minerals and sand, and they are called dirty limestones. The calcite in the limestones is derived mostly from the Aragonite mineral remains of organisms such as clams, brachiopods, bryozoa, crinoids and corals.2. Dolomite Formations: Dolomite rock forms vast deposits in Italy. The Alpine range known as the Dolomites is almost entirely composed of dolomite. Dolomite is quarried for building stone, road stone, and the production of refractory brick. It is also the principal ore of magnesium metal and the source of the magnesium used in the chemical industry. In the US, there are extensive Dolomite outcrops in the Silurian and Devonian sediments south of the Great Lakes. The petroleum reservoir rocks in the Williston Basin are Dolomites. Kona Dolomite, named after the Kona Hills south of Marquette County, MI where it is found, is an ancient rock in which formations of fossil stromatolite (blue-green algae) occur. The stone is between 2.1 to 2.2 billion years old. 3. Gypsum Rock Formations: Some of its other more familiar names are based on its various forms of occurrence. For example, Alabaster is a massive form; Satin Spar is a fibrous variety; and Selenite is its crystalline form. Gypsum often occurs in varying proportions with Anhydrite (calcium sulfate), a slightly harder and more dense mineral that lacks water in its chemical make-up. The leading Gypsum producing US states, in descending order, are Nevada, Oklahoma, Iowa, Texas, and California.
(The rest of the paper on Sedimentary Rocks will be continued next month)
Permission granted to reprint material from this bulletin if proper credit is given to the author.
END.
